Selection of Analytical Methods for Monitoring CECs in Membrane Treatment

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Veterinary Drugs Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Steroids and Hormones Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) Alkylphenols Household Cleaning Products Flame Retardants Explosives What are the contaminants of emerging concern (CECs)? Source Water Basic Quality Drinking Water Raw Distribution Wastewater System (DS) Emerging Contaminants of Concern Drinking Wastewater Water Treatment Microbial Risk Treatment Plant Corrosion Plant (DWTP) (WWTP) DBP Formation DPR Blending or IPR Buffering SDWA Compliance Reclaimed Water W a t e r R e c l a m a t i o n P l a n t ( W R P ) Top Most Frequently Detected PPCPs Antipyretic, analgesic & fever Acetaminophen Progesterone Hormone reducer Beta-blocker (high blood pressure Atenolol Testosterone Hormone treatment) Carbamazepine Anticonvulsant Caffeine Stimulant (coffee, tea, soda, etc.) Clofibrate metabolite, lipid Clofibric Acid Paraxanthine Caffeine metabolite regulator Dilantin Anticonvulsant Acesulfame K Artificial sweetener Antihypertensive & calcium Diltiazem Sucralose Artificial sweetener channel blocker Fluoxetine Antidepressant Nicotine Tobacco & smoking treatment Gemfibrozil Lipid regulator Cotinine Nicotine metabolite Anti-inflammatory, analgesic & Ibuprofen DEET Mosquito repellent fever reducer Iohexol Contrast agent Nonylphenols Nonionic surfactants Salicylic Acid Skin topical treatment Triclosan Antibacterial & antifungal Sulfamethoxazole Antibiotic TCEP Flame retardant Estrone Hormone TCPP Flame retardant Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment 0.1 Microfiltration (MF) µm ─ 3 µm 2 nm Ultrafiltration (UF) ─ 0.1 µm Nanofiltration (NF) 1 nm e v ti g c n f e vi E f o m e S r A Reverse Osmosis (RO) a t F P > 0.1 nm NF/RO Backwash/Concentrate Matrix Concerns CEC/PFAS concentrations can be much higher in backwash/concentrate. 10‒1000X concentrated TSS/TDS and TOC/DOC/NOM can significantly interfere with CEC/PFAS analysis. Drinking Water MT & Sampling Points for CECs/PFAS Permeate Membrane 1 2 3 Membrane Pre-treatment Feed Membrane Finished Post-treatment Chemical Treatment Drinking Water Source Water Addition GAC UF, etc. Potable Water Reuse MT & Sampling Points for CECs/PFAS Permeate Membrane 1 2 3 Membrane Feed Pre-treatment Membrane Reclaimed Post-treatment WWTP Chemical Treatment Water Effluents Addition GAC UF, etc. Disinfection 9 5 1 & DPR Blending IPR Buffering Backwash ~ 10% of DW volumes prescribed Concentrate 6 7 3, 4, 5, 6 & Drinking Water Treatment ≤ DW volumes prescribed 8 8 (SDWA compliance) = sample volumes prescribed Distribution System 9 (10X─1000X more concentrate) Subsampling is not a good idea for EPA 525.2, ~ 10% of DW volumes prescribed brominated flame retardants, PFAS, etc. Water MT Sampling & Monitoring Methods for CECs/PFAS Permeate Feed Membrane Treatment Reclaimed/Finished Pretreated Water Water Backwash Concentrate EPA 331.0/515.3/515.4/525.2/522, EEA 521.1, L231, L306, LCMS_Explosives, & PBDE_Pyrethroid LCMS_PPCP_NEG & LCMS_PPCP_POS EPA 533/537.1/1633 EPA 8327 & ASTM D8421- EPA 533/537.1.