Integrated Platform of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor and Controlled Environment Agriculture for Sustainable Food Production

Hydroponic CEA Platform Leafy greens Tomatoes Cucumber High-value food crops that can be grown in hydroponic CEA Leafy greens, tomatoes, cucumbers, beans, and strawberries Water quality concerns: Impacts of water quality on crop yield Crop salt tolerance with saline/brackish water Pathogens with reclaimed municipal wastewater Beans Strawberries Plant bioaccumulation of metals etc. with urban stormwater Nutrient delivery Nutrient film technique (NFT) NFT solution recycling Water and nutrient efficiency Plant pathogen control https://www.agritecture.com 4 Water sources for agricultural irrigation Conventional sources Irrigation water withdrawals in Freshwater from surface and groundwaters US, 1950-2015 Increasingly impacted by regional droughts Non-conventional (marginal quality) sources Saline/brackish surface and groundwaters (rural) Salinity Reclaimed municipal wastewater (centralized and decentralized) Human pathogens and chemical micropollutants, and plant pathogens  Saline/brackish surface and Attribute: presence of nutrients (P & N) groundwater Urban stormwater (urban and peri-urban)  Reclaimed municipal Heavy metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, PFAS, wastewater microplastics  Urban stormwater 5 Present practice of wastewater reclamation in agriculture Reuse Treatment Water Quality Monitoring Regulation Category Food crops Agriculture Secondary + pH 6.0–9.0; pH (weekly) Processed food crops and non- food crops Filtration + BOD 30 mg/L; BOD (weekly) Disinfection 5 5 food crops TSS 30 mg/L; Turbidity (continuous) Suitable for land/soil-based Fecal coliform 0/100 mL; Fecal coliform (daily) agriculture Cl residual 1.0 mg/L Cl residual (continuous) 2 2 (min) Agriculture Secondary + pH 6.0–9.0; pH (weekly) Disinfection processed BOD 30 mg/L; BOD (weekly) 5 5 food crops TSS 30 mg/L; TSS (daily) and non Fecal coliform 200/100 Fecal coliform (daily) food crops mL; Cl residual (continuous) 2 Cl residual 1.0 mg/L 2 (min) USEPA, 2012 6 Blowdown Nutrient Hydroponic Solution Domestic High-Value AnMBR + UV Cultivation Wastewater Crop Platform Ground Harvest Harvest Waste Waste Grinder Plant pathogens as important (perhaps) as human pathogens. Membrane filtration has proven useful for helping mitigate growth of the plant pathogens Pythium and Phytophthora in hydroponic systems. Filter pore size is important. UV disinfection is also effective, especially after membrane filtration to remove light-scattering material. 9 K) (Sewer Decentralized Irrigation Water Municipal Crop Cultivation Platform Mining) Anaerobic Membrane w/ Nutrients /Domestic Hydroponic Approach Bioreactor (AnMBR) /Fertilizers Wastewater Greenhouse or + UV Disinfection (N, P, K) Modular Container Large-Scale Vertical Farming Residential Nutrient Film Technique Building Energy heat (Methane) heat, air-con, or CO enrichment High Plant Supernatant -Value Grinder Harvest Crops Wastes 10.