Ceramic Membrane Filtration of Wastewater Effluent and High-NOM Surface Water: Fouling Management

This work focused on viable pre-treatments options available for managing fouling of ceramic membranes caused by impaired water sources, emphasizing wastewater effluent and high-NOM surface water. Hence, hybrid processes composed of in-line coagulation or powdered activation carbon was employed. Cleaning protocols are also discussed in this research.